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Provinces of the Roman Empire
The provinces of the empire at its greatest extent in AD 117, in order of acquisition, from Sicily (241 BC) to Trajan's short-lived eastern conquests.
Find them on the map in RomeDrill →| Province | Province from | How acquired | Capital | Modern area |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sicilia | 241 BC | won from Carthage at the end of the First Punic War | Syracuse | Sicily (Italy) |
| Sardinia et Corsica | 238 BC | seized from Carthage during its Mercenary War | Carales | Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France) |
| Hispania Tarraconensis | 197 BC | taken from Carthage in the Second Punic War; organised as Hispania Citerior | Tarraco | northern, central and eastern Spain; northern Portugal |
| Hispania Baetica | 197 BC | taken from Carthage in the Second Punic War; organised as Hispania Ulterior | Corduba | Andalusia (southern Spain) |
| Macedonia | 146 BC | annexed after the defeat of the pretender Andriscus (Fourth Macedonian War) | Thessalonica | northern Greece, North Macedonia, Albania |
| Africa Proconsularis | 146 BC | annexed after the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War | Carthage | Tunisia, north-eastern Algeria, western Libyan coast |
| Asia | 129 BC | bequeathed by Attalus III of Pergamum (133 BC) | Ephesus | western Turkey |
| Gallia Narbonensis | 121 BC | conquered after the defeat of the Allobroges and Arverni | Narbo Martius | southern France (Provence, Languedoc) |
| Bithynia et Pontus | 74 BC | Bithynia bequeathed by Nicomedes IV; Pontus added by Pompey in 63 BC | Nicomedia | northern Turkey (southern Black Sea coast) |
| Creta et Cyrenaica | 74 BC | Cyrenaica bequeathed by Ptolemy Apion (96 BC), organised 74 BC; Crete conquered by Metellus 69–67 BC | Gortyn | Crete (Greece) and eastern Libya |
| Cilicia | 64 BC | organised by Pompey after his pirate war (a command since c. 102 BC); re-established by Vespasian in AD 72 | Tarsus | south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Mersin, Adana) |
| Syria | 64 BC | last Seleucid king deposed by Pompey | Antioch | Syria, Lebanon, south-central Turkey (Hatay) |
| Cyprus | 58 BC | annexed from the Ptolemies by Cato the Younger | Paphos | Cyprus |
| Numidia | 46 BC | Juba I's kingdom annexed by Julius Caesar after Thapsus as Africa Nova | Cirta | north-eastern Algeria |
| Aegyptus | 30 BC | annexed by Octavian after the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra | Alexandria | Egypt |
| Lusitania | c. 27 BC | split from Hispania Ulterior by Augustus | Emerita Augusta | Portugal south of the Douro and Extremadura (Spain) |
| Gallia Aquitania | c. 27 BC | conquered in Caesar's Gallic War (58–50 BC); organised by Augustus | Burdigala | south-western and central France |
| Gallia Lugdunensis | c. 27 BC | conquered in Caesar's Gallic War (58–50 BC); organised by Augustus | Lugdunum | central and north-western France (Lyon to Brittany) |
| Gallia Belgica | c. 27 BC | conquered in Caesar's Gallic War (58–50 BC); organised by Augustus | Durocortorum | north-eastern France, Belgium, Luxembourg |
| Achaea | 27 BC | Greece conquered in 146 BC (sack of Corinth); separated from Macedonia by Augustus | Corinth | southern and central Greece |
| Galatia | 25 BC | annexed by Augustus on the death of King Amyntas | Ancyra | central Turkey |
| Noricum | c. 16 BC | Celtic client kingdom absorbed peacefully under Augustus | Virunum | most of Austria and part of Slovenia |
| Raetia | 15 BC | conquered by Tiberius and Drusus | Augusta Vindelicorum | eastern Switzerland, southern Bavaria, Tyrol |
| Alpes Maritimae | 14 BC | Ligurian mountain tribes subdued by Augustus | Cemenelum | French Riviera hinterland around Nice; Italian border |
| Judaea | AD 6 | Herod's son Archelaus deposed by Augustus | Caesarea Maritima | Israel and the Palestinian territories |
| Dalmatia | c. AD 10 | southern half of Illyricum, separated after the Great Illyrian Revolt (AD 6–9) | Salona | Croatian coast, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, northern Albania, western Serbia |
| Cappadocia | AD 17 | annexed by Tiberius on the death of King Archelaus | Caesarea Mazaca | east-central Turkey |
| Britannia | AD 43 | invaded by Claudius; army led by Aulus Plautius | Londinium | England, Wales and (briefly) southern Scotland |
| Lycia et Pamphylia | AD 43 | Lycian League annexed by Claudius; joined with Pamphylia by Vespasian | Patara | south-western Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Antalya, Muğla) |
| Mauretania Caesariensis | c. AD 44 | client kingdom annexed after Caligula had King Ptolemy killed; organised by Claudius | Caesarea | northern Algeria (west and centre) |
| Mauretania Tingitana | c. AD 44 | client kingdom annexed after Caligula had King Ptolemy killed; organised by Claudius | Tingis | northern Morocco |
| Thracia | AD 46 | client kingdom annexed by Claudius after the murder of King Rhoemetalces III | Perinthus | southern Bulgaria, European Turkey, north-eastern Greece |
| Alpes Poeninae | c. AD 47 | conquered under Augustus (15 BC); organised as a province by Claudius | Octodurus | Valais (Switzerland) and Aosta–Savoy border region |
| Alpes Cottiae | AD 63 | client kingdom annexed by Nero on the death of Cottius II | Segusio | Franco-Italian Alps around Susa and the Mont Cenis / Montgenèvre passes |
| Germania Inferior | c. AD 85 | Rhine military district formalised as a province by Domitian | Colonia Agrippina | southern Netherlands, Belgium east of the Scheldt, German Rhineland |
| Germania Superior | c. AD 85 | Rhine military district formalised as a province by Domitian | Mogontiacum | Alsace, western Switzerland, south-western Germany |
| Moesia Superior | AD 86 | western half of Moesia (organised c. AD 6), divided by Domitian | Viminacium | Serbia, Kosovo, northern North Macedonia, north-western Bulgaria |
| Moesia Inferior | AD 86 | eastern half of Moesia (organised c. AD 6), divided by Domitian | Tomis | northern Bulgaria and the Romanian Dobruja |
| Pannonia Superior | c. AD 103 | western part of Pannonia (conquered 12–9 BC), split off by Trajan | Carnuntum | eastern Austria, western Hungary, Slovenia, northern Croatia |
| Pannonia Inferior | c. AD 103 | eastern part of Pannonia (conquered 12–9 BC), split off by Trajan | Aquincum | western Hungary (east of Lake Balaton), eastern Croatia, northern Serbia |
| Dacia | AD 106 | conquered by Trajan in the Second Dacian War | Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa | Romania (Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia) |
| Arabia Petraea | AD 106 | Nabataean kingdom annexed by Trajan on the death of Rabbel II | Bostra | Jordan, southern Syria, Sinai, north-western Saudi Arabia |
| Epirus | c. AD 108 | detached from Achaea and Macedonia by Trajan | Nicopolis | north-western Greece and southern Albania |
| Armenia | AD 114 | annexed by Trajan after deposing the Parthian nominee Parthamasiris | Artaxata | Armenia and eastern Turkey |
| Mesopotamia | c. AD 116 | conquered by Trajan in his Parthian War; abandoned 117, re-created by Septimius Severus c. 198 | Nisibis | south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq |
| Assyria | c. AD 116 | proclaimed by Trajan during his Parthian War | Unknown | northern or central Iraq (location disputed) |
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